HBCU Timeline 1837 to 1870

Historically black colleges and universities (HBCUs) are institutions of higher education established with the purpose of providing training and education to African-Americans.  When the Institute for Colored Youth was established in 1837, its purpose was to teach  African-Americans skills necessary to be competitive in the 19th Century job market. Students learned to read, write, basic math skills, mechanics and agriculture. In later years, the Institute for Colored Youth was a training ground for educators.Other institutions followed with the mission of training freed African-American men and women. It is important to note that several religious institutions such as the African Methodist Episcopal Church (AME), United Church of Christ, Presbyterian and American Baptist provided funding to establish many schools.   Timeline 1837: Cheyney University of Pennsylvania opens its doors. Established by Quaker Richard Humphreys as the â€Å"Institute for Colored Youth,† Cheyney University is the oldest historically black school of higher education. Famous alumni includes educator and civil rights activist Josephine Silone Yates.   1851: The University of the District of Columbia is established. Known as the â€Å"Miner Normal School,† as a school to educate African-American women. 1854: The Ashnum Institute is founded in Chester County, Pennsylvania. Today, it is Lincoln University. 1856: Wilberforce University was established by the African Methodist Episcopal (AME) Church. Named for abolitionist William Wilberforce, it is the first school owned and operated by African-Americans. 1862: LeMoyne-Owen College is established in Memphis by the United Church of Christ. Originally founded as the LeMoyne Normal and Commercial School, the institution operated as an elementary school until 1870.   1864: Wayland Seminary opens its doors. By 1889, the school merges with Richmond Institute to become Virginia Union University. 1865: Bowie State University is founded as Baltimore Normal School. Clark Atlanta University is established by the United Methodist Church. Originally two separate schools—Clark College and Atlanta University—the schools merged. The National Baptist Convention opens Shaw University in Raleigh, NC. 1866: The Brown Theological Institute is opened in Jacksonville, Fl. By the AME Church. Today, the school is known as Edward Waters College. Fisk University is founded in Nashville, Tenn. The Fisk Jubilee Singers will soon begin touring to raise money for the institution. Lincoln Institute is established in Jefferson City, Mo. Today, it is known as Lincoln University of Missouri. Rust College in Holly Springs, Miss. opens. It is known as Shaw University until 1882. One of Rust College’s most famous alumna is Ida B. Wells. 1867: Alabama State University opens as Lincoln Normal School of Marion. Barber-Scotia College opens in Concord, NC. Founded by the Presbyterian Church, Barber-Scotia College was once two schools—Scotia Seminary and Barber Memorial College. Fayetteville State University is founded as Howard School. The Howard Normal and Theological School for the Education of Teachers and Preachers opens its doors. Today, it is known as Howard University. Johnson C. Smith University is established as the Biddle Memorial Institute. The American Baptist Home Mission Society founds the Augusta Institute which is later renamed Morehouse College. Morgan State University is founded as Centenary Biblical Institute. The Episcopal Church provides funding for the establishment of St. Augustine’s University. The United Church of Christ opens Talladega College. Known as Swayne School until 1869, it is Alabama’s oldest private black liberal arts college. 1868: Hampton University is founded as Hampton Normal and Agricultural Institute. One of Hampton’s most famous graduates, Booker T. Washington, later helped to expand the school before establishing Tuskegee Institute. 1869: Claflin University is founded in Orangeburg, SC. The United Church of Christ and United Methodist Church provide funding for Straight University and Union Normal School. These two institutions will merge to become Dillard University. The American Missionary Association establishes Tougaloo College. 1870: Allen University is founded by the AME Church. Established as Payne Institute, the school’s mission was to train ministers and teachers. The institution was renamed Allen University after Richard Allen, founder of the AME Church. Benedict College is established by the American Baptist Churches USA as Benedict Institute.

Moral Compass And The The Grapes Of Wrath - 970 Words

Rendale Rose K. Dahuya Mr. Eddings AP English Language and Composition August 8, 2016 Moral Compass to the North Existing in a progressively radicalized culture, social expectations are perceived to be in the realm of morality. Under this impression, individuals need to evaluate ethical and unethical principles through a moral compass. According to psychologist Larry Nucci’s theory of Moral Domain, the fundamental moral compass should advocate the ethical idea of rationality in line with the societal paramount of respect towards others. Exploring the human senses of right and wrong, John Steinbeck shortly received the Nobel Prize after he connected with the hearts of many through his nation-wide fictional novel, The Grapes of Wrath. Published in 1939 during the Great Depression, the realist novel focused on the Joads- a poverty-stricken family of tenant farmers forcefully driven from their home in Oklahoma to California, struck by the Dust Bowl, agricultural hardship, and economic changes. Due to their nearly hopeless situation alongside thousands of other Okie s, the Joads travel to pursue jobs, land, and a future. Throughout the novel, Steinbeck focuses on an individual belonging in the Joad kin- Tom Joad. Parolee Tom undergoes a moral development through aid by Reverend Jim Casy whose spiritual theories explore philosophies of pragmatism, humanism, and socialism. Embodied in Steinbeck’s bildungsroman novel, the protagonist, Tom Joad, is familiarized to beShow MoreRelatedSelfishness Explored in The Great Gatsby and The Grapes of Wrath1114 Words   |  5 Pagesby William E. Gladstone as â€Å"the greatest curse of the human race† (William E. Gladstone quotes, 2010). Collectively, The Great Gatsby and The Grapes of Wrath demonstrate how selfishness breaks society, affecting both the individual as well as those around him, and how selflessness repairs it. Loneliness results from selfish choices. In The Grapes of Wrath, Muley Graves chooses selfishness when his entire family moves to California in hopes to find a better life, knowing that they will soon starveRead MoreThe Quiet World Of Written Words1255 Words   |  6 Pagesdiscover just who he was. Though I was prepared to comb through every article necessary, a simple Google search was all the elbow grease it took to unearth the mystery: Tom Joad is the main character of a novel written by John Steinbeck, titled â€Å"The Grapes of Wrath.† I bought the book, and it was then that I branched out from raging sound waves into the quiet and meticulous world of written words. The year was 2008; and the first decade of the new millennium was drawing to an end on an extraordinarily lowRead More Skill and Craftsmanship in the Works of Steinbeck Essay1558 Words   |  7 PagesSkill and Craftsmanship in the Works of Steinbeck      Ã‚  Ã‚   Throughout Cannery Row, Of Mice and Men, The Red Pony and The Grapes of Wrath, John Steinbeck professes his admiration for the man who displays skill and craftsmanship in his work. A man who does his job exceedingly well is, by extension in Steinbecks works, a hero who is satisfied in doing his best in affection for his craft - a direct contrast to the multitude of humans who are merely unsuccessful and unhappy dreamers.   Ã‚  Ã‚   TheRead MoreQuestions On Reading And Writing1203 Words   |  5 Pagesconnecting with the stories I was reading. The main turning point in my attitude towards reading was in my ninth grade English class. My teacher, Mrs. Schultz, taught me, or maybe I finally decided to listen, and I found a deeper meaning and moral compass in the book we read. From then on, I looked at literature in a different light. Every night I would sit cross-legged on my bed and read from Harper Lee’s To Kill a Mockingbird. I wondered why the education hierarchy decided they wanted to tortureRead MoreThe Grapes Of Wrath By John Steinbeck Essay1671 Words   |  7 Pagesagainst the government or the high-class (such as the banks), were likely jailed and or beaten on the grounds of anti-Americanism. The novel, â€Å"The Grapes of Wrath† by John Steinbeck, perfectly emulates the rising strife and disparity in America during the Great Depression through the character of Jim Casy. Jim Casy is a guide who acts as a moral compass for the migrating Joad family, while along in the migration, he struggles to cope with his hopelessness along with his rejection of faith in God,Read MoreFigurative Language and the Canterbury Tales13472 Words   |  54 Pages1. allegory: a literary work that has a second meaning beneath the surface, often relating to a fixed, corresponding idea or moral principle. 2. alliteration: repetition of initial consonant sounds. It serves to please the ear and bind verses together, to make lines more memorable, and for humorous effect. †¢ Already American vessels had been searched, seized, and sunk. -John F. Kennedy †¢ I should like to hear him fly with the high fields/ And wake to the farm forever fled from the childless

The Airbag American Journal of Epidemiology

Question: Describe about airbags: Answer: Introduction: Momentum and the rate of change of momentum principle is used in several real time applications. Airbag is one such application where the rate of change of momentum and subsequent reduction in impact force-principle is used for the safety of the passenger in automobile cars. Whenever the car is moving at high speeds there exists very high momentum associated with the car body. When a braking force is applied to stop the car, depending on the time of application of the brake force, the impact of the force will vary. Generally during the impacts and subsequent stoppages of the car, very high forces will act for a short duration of time and hence the impact force acting on the passengers will be very high. Inorder to extend the time of action of the forces air bags will be used. When an airbag hits the passengers in the body, the time duration of the force application will increase and limit the impact force to smaller quantities and hence the human body remains safe. Almost all the new generation cars are employing the air bags to provide safe impact forces to the passengers whenever the car comes in contact with the high magnitude impact forces. Airbag usually consist of flexible fabric material made external surface and it will inflate in very little time when the automobile undergoes impact or any type of collision. This immediately provides cushioning effect to the occupants by preventing the impact and providing the protection to the bodies by preventing the direct impact with the steering wheel or a window of the car. Airbag with the combination of the seatbelts provide additional support to the passenger from getting impact on. Generally the compressed cylinders will be initiated in the case of impact and the air bags will get inflated when there is collision(Fukaya et al,2008). Airbags when fist introduced few decades back, they are designed to protect the driver of the car but in the later times all the passengers of the car are designed to get protection from the impacts during the collision of the car. Governing principle: The principle is readily understandable from the following equation: I = F*t = m *(V-u) I is the impulse, F is the impact force, t is the time of action of the force, m is the mass of the car and the occupants, V is the final velocity of the vehicle,(which will be zero) and u is the initial velocity of the car before the collision process. Physics in air bag inflation: Eventhough the exact timings of the airbag functioning varies from design to design, the exact values of the air bag inflation timings will be as follows, It usually takes about 20 milli-seconds for the crash sensors to sense the collision and to initiate the inflation process. Also the crash sensors do take around 25 milliseconds to decide the airbag inflation process. Also it will take about 20 milli-seconds for the person to land into. After 20 milli- seconds the person landed into the airbag the airbag starts deflation. If T1 is the time of impact force transmission during a collision force and T2 is the time of impact force transmission with the air cushion. More and more the T2 than T1, lower and lower will be the impact force acting on the driver or the passenger. Mechanism: Air bag is a passive working device, which does not require any positive action by the passenger during the collision of the automobile. However still they are considered as supplement device to the active safety devices like seat belts. Air bags are employed both for the body protection as well as for the knee protection of the passengers at present in several standard brands of the automobiles. The exact shape of the inflated airbag, the fabric material used for the airbag and the location of the inflation devices like cylinders do change from one model to another. However still the airbags are popular in almost all types of the cars and are in use throughout the globe. Now days using Airbags has become mandatory by the governmental legislations in several countries including united states of America. As high as 8 safety air bags simultaneously are also in use in several popular automobile brands now a days. Inflation of the airbags can be in as little time as one fifth of a second as well the deflation can also be fast through the holes made in the bag surface. One important requirement of the airbags is the lubrication during the collision process. In most of the cases, the lubrication employed during the inflation of the air bags is some sort of talcum powder, which ideally provides lubrication during the inflation process of the bag. Apart from the pressurized gas cylinders, other type of inflation initiators used with the airbags include controlled chemical reactions resulting in expansion of the airbags. Most commonly the combustion of the sodium azide, which releases nitrogen gas to inflate the airbag. Frontal collisions are the most common type of incidents in number of countries, the usage of the airbags in the frontal side found to avoid the fatalities however still there are few associated implications like facial and ocular incidents to the passengers in the car as reported in the accident incident investigations(Braver et al, 2004)(Buckley et al, 1999). Key requirements: The first and foremost requirement for the air-bags to operate effectively and to reduce the accident probability is to have proper crash sensors in the automobile. The time taken for the detection of the collision impact should be as low as possible. Since the collision can happen in any direction, the collision arrestors, air bags should also be mounted in all possible direction for complete protection (Bunker et al, 1997). Air bags mounted in frontal protection do arrest collision from the frontal impacts, collisions from the sides and from other curtain holders are other possible directions of mounting the airbags. Whatever may be the inflation mechanism used, the operation of the inflation should be very quick and the air bags should become operational very fast. The lubrication employed for the airbags should function fast to facilitate the free movement of the airbags. Generally air bags are employed as SRS (Supportive restraining systems), they function in combination with th e seat belts. Hence the seat belts the active restraining system like seat belts should be functional (should be active) for the SRS bags to work on to protect the passengers (Molia et al, 1996). Conclusion: However still there should be research and development required for customizing the airbags for the protection of the children and infants (Graham et al, 1998). However still in several practical observations of the collision and subsequent damage to the passengers, it is found that they are left with visible facial and ocular damages, they are usually caused by the high speed inflation of the airbags during the collision. Still further research and development is needed to reduce these inflation related injuries to the passengers during the collision process (Molia et al, 1996) (Giguere et al,1998)(Pearlman et al, 2001). Recent trends in the airbags as collision arrestors include the usage of the on/off switches which facilitates the users choice either to keep seat belts active or not, this is generally done keeping inview of the potential damage that the air bag can cause to the kids and infants during the collisions (Hayashi et al, 1995). In any ways correct mounting and the corr ect shaping and flexible operational features are the key requirements for the seat belt to successfully operate and protect the passenger from fatal injuries during the collision. References: Braver, E. R., Kyrychenko, S. Y. (2004). Efficacy of side air bags in reducing driver deaths in driver-side collisions.American Journal of Epidemiology,159(6), 556-564. Buckley, G., Setchfield, N., Richard, F. (1999). Two case reports of possible noise trauma after inflation of air bags in low speed car crashes.BMJ,318(7182), 499-500. Bunker, S. M., Minert, D. G., Green, D. J., Saderholm, D. G., Storey, J. K. (1997).U.S. Patent No. 5,667,241. Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. Duma, S. M., Jernigan, M. V., Stitzel, J. D., Herring, I. P., Crowley, J. S., Brozoski, F. T., Bass, C. R. (2002). The effect of frontal air bags on eye injury patterns in automobile crashes.Archives of ophthalmology,120(11), 1517-1522. Fukaya, K., Uchida, M. (2008). Protection against impact with the ground using wearable airbags.INDUSTRIAL HEALTH-KAWASAKI-,46(1), 59. Giguere, J. F., St-Vil, D., Turmel, A., Di Lorenzo, M., Pothel, C., Manseau, S., Mercier, C. (1998). Airbags and children: a spectrum of C-spine injuries.Journal of pediatric surgery,33(6), 811-816. Graham, J. D., Goldie, S. J., Segui-Gomez, M., Thompson, K. M., Nelson, T., Glass, R., ... Woerner, L. G. (1998). Reducing risks to children in vehicles with passenger airbags.Pediatrics,102(1), e3-e3. Hayashi, T., Morioka, M. (1995). Major features of the new Mazda Familia.JSAE review,16(2), 201-206. Molia, L. M., Stroh, E. (1996). Airbag injury during low impact collision.The British journal of ophthalmology,80(5), 487. Pearlman, J. A., Eong, K. A., Kuhn, F., Pieramici, D. J. (2001). Airbags and eye injuries: epidemiology, spectrum of injury, and analysis of risk factors.Survey of ophthalmology,46(3), 234-242.